Effective 5th April 2016

Please read these terms and conditions before making any purchase on this site, and make sure that you understand them. If you purchase any Tickets on this site, you will be taken to have understood and accepted these terms and conditions.

If you have any questions about the ticket service or these terms and conditions, please contact us. If your query relates to these terms and conditions, please contact us before purchasing Tickets.

1. Definitions and Interpretation

1.1 In these Terms, certain words have specific meanings, as follows:

1. "AXS" / "we" / "us" / "our"
1. means AXS Europe Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales with company number 07794601, whose registered office is at 7th Floor West, Cottons Centre, 47/49 Tooley Street, London SE1 2QN.
2. "Event"
1. means an event for which Tickets are sold or advertised for sale on this site.
3. "Event Terms"
1. means the terms and conditions of Ticket Suppliers and/or Venues, as referred to in section 2.4 below.
4. "Terms"
1. means these terms and conditions for the purchase of Tickets.
5. "Terms of Use"
1. means the terms and conditions for the use of this site, as referred to in section 2.2 below.
6. "this site"
1. means the domain name www.axs.com (including any access through the AXS mobile application software).
7. "Ticket"
1. means a ticket, electronic ticket, wristband or any other device giving the bearer a personal revocable licence to attend an Event, which is sold or offered for sale via this site.
8. "Ticket Supplier"
1. means the person or entity on whose behalf we promote and sell Tickets, which may be the Venue, or may be another person such as a promoter, producer, artist, team or record label.
9. "Venue"
1. means the venue at which an Event is held.
10. "you" / "your"
1. means the person purchasing Tickets on his/her own behalf and includes all persons on whose behalf Tickets are purchased.

2. AXS's Role and How These Terms Work

2.1 AXS operates this site and sells Tickets as agent on behalf of Ticket Suppliers.

2.2 The use of this site is governed by our Terms of Use.

2.3 The purchase and use of all Tickets via the site is governed by these Terms.

2.4 Some Ticket Suppliers and/or Venues may have their own terms and conditions (which we will refer to as the "Event Terms"), which may apply to your purchase of Tickets and/or your admission to the Event, in addition to these Terms. These Event Terms may restrict our ability to exchange or refund Tickets (even where these Terms would allow an exchange or refund) so make sure that you have read the Event Terms carefully before purchasing a Ticket. If there is any inconsistency between these Terms and the Event Terms, the Event Terms will apply in priority to these Terms. Event Terms are usually available on the website or at the box office for the relevant Event and/or Venue. If you have any questions about where to find the Event Terms, or about which Event Terms will apply to the Tickets you wish to buy, please contact us.

2.5 If you purchase any Tickets on this site, you will be taken to have understood and accepted both these Terms and the applicable Event Terms.

3. Amendments to these terms

3.1 These Terms may be amended from time to time, to reflect changes in the market conditions affecting our business, changes in technology and/or in this site's capabilities, changes to our payment methods, changes to the arrangements in place between AXS and Ticket Suppliers, and/or changes in relevant laws and regulatory requirements.

3.2 Each purchase you make will be made on the Terms in force at the time that you place your order. It is your responsibility to check the Terms before placing any order, so that you are aware of any changes.3.3

3.3 We may revise these terms as they apply to your order from time to time to comply with changes in law and regulatory requirements.

4. Registration and Information You Provide to Us

4.1 You must be at least 18 years old to register and/or buy Tickets on this site. If you are under 18 but at least 13 you should show these Terms to your parent or legal guardian who may register and/or buy Tickets on your behalf, however age limits may prevent entry to certain events (as further detailed in section 14 below). If you are under 13 years of age you cannot register to use this site and parents or guardians must not register or make purchases on your behalf. We reserve the right to cancel any Tickets which have been purchased in breach of this requirement.

4.2 By registering to use this site you agree that (i) you have read, understood and accepted these Terms; (ii) the information you have supplied on registration is accurate, current and complete; (iii) you meet the age requirements set out at section 4.1 above; and (iv) we may hold, store and use the personal information you provide to us in accordance with our Privacy Policy. This may include sharing that information with third parties in order to process and fulfil your order for Tickets, in order to prevent fraud, and for marketing/promotional purposes (amongst other usages as fully detailed in our Privacy Policy).

4.3 It is your responsibility to maintain the security of your username and password. If you suspect any fraudulent activity using your account details please contact us as a matter of urgency.

5. Information on this site

5.1 We aim to ensure that the information displayed on this site in relation to Events, including Ticket prices, Event dates, start times and running times is correct. However, errors may occur and we reserve the right to amend the site where necessary to correct any such errors. Also, please be aware that:

(a) all advertised times are approximate and subject to change. It is your responsibility to check that the Event is going ahead at the date and time printed on the Ticket;

(b) Ticket Suppliers, Venues and/or other persons responsible for Events may reserve the right to alter or vary the content, date, duration and/or timing of Events due to events or circumstances beyond their reasonable control without being obliged to refund Ticket holders or exchange their Tickets.

5.2 Please note that by promoting Events and selling Tickets on this site, we are not endorsing those Events.

6. Prices and Other Charges

6.1 Subject to section 6.3 below, Ticket prices will be as quoted on this site at the time we accept your order. Prices are subject to change at any time prior to our acceptance of your order. If the price of the Tickets you order has increased between the time you place your order and the time we accept that order, you will receive a notification during the booking process giving you the opportunity to proceed with the order at the higher price or to cancel your order. If we are unable to contact you during the booking process, you agree that we may treat your order as cancelled.

6.2 Any additional VAT, booking fees, delivery fees, service charges and Venue facility fees will be indicated to you prior to placing the order. You may be able to avoid certain charges by purchasing tickets directly from the Venue's box office.

6.3 Although we try to ensure that all advertised prices on this site are correct, in the event that we discover an error in the advertised price of Tickets you have ordered we will notify you as soon as possible. Where the price advertised is higher than the actual price, we will refund any excess paid by you. Where the price advertised is lower than the actual price, we will not be obliged to supply the Tickets to you at the incorrect (lower) price. In this case we will give you the option of placing the order at the correct price (subject to availability) or cancelling your order and receiving a full refund. If we are unable to contact you after attempting to do so using the contact details you provide to us, you agree that we may cancel your order, in which case we will refund you in full.

7. Ordering Tickets

7.1 When you place an order for Tickets through this website, you are offering to buy the Tickets specified in your order. All Tickets are subject to availability and are subject to acceptance by us. Where we accept an order, we will confirm your purchase by email. This email confirmation creates a binding contract between us, under which you will buy the Tickets you have ordered and we will supply those Tickets to you, subject to these Terms. If you do not receive an email confirmation from us or if you receive an error message on the site you must contact us to confirm whether your purchase was actually completed. No contract will be formed, and we have no obligation to supply any Tickets to you, unless or until you have received our email confirmation.

7.2 Please note that orders are processed only after the billing address and other required billing information has been verified. Occasionally, incorrect billing or credit card account information for a Ticket order is identified after your transaction has been processed, and this can delay processing of your Ticket order. In these cases, Customer Services will attempt to contact you, using the information provided at the time of purchase. If Customer Services are unable to reach you after attempting to do so, we may cancel your order and release your Tickets for sale to others without further notice or attempts to contact you.

7.3 Please check the details of your order carefully before placing it, including the date, time and location of the Event and your seat selection. If you order the wrong Tickets, we may not be able to offer an exchange or refund.

7.4 In order to prevent fraud and to protect both AXS and you, you may be asked to provide additional information during or after your booking so that we can verify your details before confirming your purchase.

7.5 Once purchased, Tickets cannot be transferred, exchanged, refunded or returned except in the circumstances set out in section 13 ("Refunds and Exchanges / Cancellation and Postponement") below.

7.6 We reserve the right to terminate, suspend or limit any user's ability to purchase Tickets through this site and/or to cancel any or all Ticket orders (whether previously confirmed by us or not) without prior notice in the following circumstances:

(a) if the user fails to comply with any of these Terms or our Terms of Use;

(b) if the user attempts to purchase a number of Tickets in excess of the maximum number specified by us (see section 10.2 below);

(c) if we reasonably suspect that the user is attempting to purchase Tickets through any robot or other automated device or any other illegal or unauthorised activity;

(d) if we reasonably suspect that the user is engaged in any fraudulent activity and/or intends to resell the Tickets in breach of section 12 below; or

(e) if any Ticket Supplier or Venue notifies us that the user has breached their Event Terms.

If we decide to take any such action in respect of any user, all orders for Tickets received from such user will be automatically blocked or limited either indefinitely or for the period of suspension (as applicable).

8. Payment

8.1 Payment for all Tickets must be made via American Express, Visa, MasterCard or any other payment method that may be made available on our site from time to time.

8.2 By providing the details of a credit or debit card, you confirm that you are the holder of that card or are expressly authorised by the holder of that card to use the card to purchase the Tickets at the price shown.

8.3 You agree to pay all charges incurred by you or any users of your account and credit or debit card at the price(s) in effect when such charges are incurred. You will also be responsible for paying any applicable taxes relating to your purchases.

9. Delivery / Collection

9.1 Your Tickets will be dispatched as soon as possible after we receive them from the Ticket Supplier in accordance with your chosen delivery option. We are not able to specify the exact dates of dispatch. Please allow as much time as possible for your Tickets to arrive. If your Tickets have not arrived five days before the Event (or, if you are travelling, five days before you depart), please contact us. Please be ready to quote your booking reference number and the name and postcode the booking is under.

9.2 If you have chosen postal delivery, we will only post Tickets to the billing address of the debit/credit card holder unless we specifically allow for them to be sent to an alternative address. We may cancel your Ticket and refund the Ticket price if:

(a) Tickets sent by post are returned as "addressee unknown"; or

(b) the billing/delivery address in your booking is not the address associated with the credit or debit card you paid with (unless we have allowed delivery to a different postal address).

In these circumstances you will not be entitled to refund of any booking fees or other additional charges paid in relation to your booking - only the Ticket price will be refunded.

9.3 If you have selected Royal Mail Recorded Delivery or Royal Mail Signed ForTM (or any other postal delivery method made available on our site from time to time) as your dispatch method, we will issue your order via the service you have selected but will not be responsible for any orders that are subsequently lost or delayed due to the actions or omissions of Royal Mail or its agents. You are advised to refer to the Royal Mail website to check for any financial limits that may be imposed by Royal Mail on their liability in respect of deliveries.

9.4 Where there is insufficient time to post Tickets to you, or to verify your identity for reasons of security or enforcement of these Terms, we may make Tickets available for collection by you at the Venue box office. You will be notified by phone, email or SMS of the arrangements for collection (using the details and preferred form of communication given at the time of the booking). In order to collect Tickets from the box office, you will need your acknowledgement of order, the credit/debit card used to place the order and photo ID. If you do not show the required documents/identification, the box office may refuse to give you the Tickets and we will not be responsible for your inability to enter the Event.

10. Restrictions on Ticket Sales

10.1 Where age restrictions apply entry to an Event, the restrictions will be notified to you before you place your order. Where such restrictions apply, you and all members of your party must be able to provide photographic proof of age. By placing a booking you confirm that you and each person on whose behalf you are booking Tickets meets the age requirements. We will not be liable if you or any person in your party is refused entry to an Event because you/they do not meet the age requirements or cannot provide photographic proof of age.

10.2 To discourage unauthorised secondary market Ticket sales, bookings made via this site are subject to a maximum number of Tickets. The maximum number (which, unless notified to you otherwise during the booking process, will be six Tickets per Event) applies:

(a) per person, for all payment cards, email accounts and billing/delivery addresses used by that person; and

(b) per payment card, for all persons using such payment card; and

(c) per household, for all persons living within such household.

We reserve the right, on reasonable suspicion, to cancel any orders made in excess of the applicable Ticket limit, or to require that these orders are collected in person with photo identification at the Venue box office.

10.3 Please note that AXS does not control Ticket inventory or availability. The number and type of available Tickets is controlled by the Ticket Supplier, who may allow tickets for the same Event to be sold by a number of sellers. Normally, each seller has access to the same ticket inventory, but some sellers (e.g. the Venue itself) may have access to different tickets. This means that, on occasion, additional Tickets may be put on sale, by AXS and/or by other sellers, for Events that were once listed as sold out.

11. Using Your Tickets

11.1 Your Ticket may be in the form of paper, mobile/bar code, email, wristband or chip technology or such other form that becomes available over time. You and each member of your party must hold a valid Ticket to be admitted to the Event and must keep it with you/them all times during the Event. Removing altering or defacing any part of the Ticket may invalidate the Ticket.

11.2 Any Ticket you purchase from us remains our property and is a personal revocable licence to be admitted to an Event which can be withdrawn at any time in accordance with these Terms. If this occurs, you will be refunded the purchase price of the Ticket which has been withdrawn (excluding delivery fees)

11.3 Please check your Tickets as soon as you receive them, and contact us to let us know of any mistakes immediately. If we have made a mistake and have not sent you the Tickets you ordered (for example the Tickets are for the wrong date), we will endeavour to rectify the mistake (see also section 13 ("Refunds and Exchanges / Cancellation and Postponement" below). We cannot guarantee to rectify mistakes made by you (for example if you mistakenly ordered Tickets for the wrong Event).

11.4 Keep your Tickets safe. We will not be responsible for any Tickets which are lost, stolen or destroyed. Please note that direct sunlight or heat can sometimes damage Tickets. Duplicates are issued at the discretion of the Ticket Supplier and may not always be permitted, particularly for non-seated Events. We may charge a reasonable administration fee to issue duplicate Tickets.

11.5 You have a right only to a seat of a value corresponding to that stated on the Ticket and the Venue or Ticket Supplier reserves the right to provide alternative seats (whether before or during the Event) to those specified on your Tickets or initially allocated to you.

11.6 If you are claiming a concession you must be able to provide photographic proof of identity and entitlement (e.g. student pass). We will not be liable if you or any person in your party is refused entry to an Event as a result of being unable to provide such photographic proof.

11.7 If you have any specific access requirements you should contact the Venue and/or Ticket Supplier before purchasing Tickets, to ensure that they can accommodate your requirements. Please contact us if you need any contact details.

11.8 Tickets cannot be used for competitions, promotions, advertising or hospitality packages or otherwise for commercial gain without the express written permission of the Ticket Supplier.

12. Ticket Resale

12.1 When you purchase Tickets on this site, each Ticket gives you and each person in your party a personal right to attend the relevant Event, subject to these Terms and the Event Terms. Tickets are not transferable and must not be exchanged or resold except where an authorised ticket exchange or resale facility is offered. If you are unsure whether any Ticket facility is authorised by us, please contact us.

12.2 If we discover, or have reasonable grounds to believe, that Tickets have been resold in breach of this section 12, the Tickets will be rendered null and void. The Ticket Supplier and/or Venue may be entitled to refuse entry to, or eject any person from, an Event whom they reasonably believe to have purchased Tickets from any unauthorised source.

13. Refunds and Exchanges/Cancellation and Postponement

13.1 After you have purchased a Ticket it cannot be exchanged, returned or refunded other than in accordance with this section 13. Ticket Suppliers may impose further refund limitations which will be notified to you in the Event Terms.

13.2 Events are subject to cancellation or postponement for a variety of reasons. If an Event is cancelled or postponed we will try to contact you to let you know about the refund or exchange procedures for that Event. However, it is your responsibility to ascertain whether an Event has been cancelled or re-scheduled and the date and time of any Event or any rescheduled Event.

13.3 You will be entitled to a full refund including booking fees (but excluding delivery fees) if:

(a) an Event is cancelled and is not rescheduled (please see the exception in section 13.6);

(b) an Event is cancelled and we are unable to offer you a Ticket to the rescheduled Event or you are unable to attend the rescheduled Event; or

(c) there is a "material" change to an Event, as explained in section 13.7 below.

13.4 If a cancelled Event is rescheduled, you may be offered a Ticket up to the same face value or in the same location as the one you purchased for the original Event. If we are unable to offer you a Ticket to the rescheduled Event or we offer you a Ticket but you are unable to attend the rescheduled Event you will be offered a refund in accordance with section 13.3(b). You must inform us within the time specified by us if you are unable to attend a rescheduled Event to which we have offered you a Ticket, otherwise we may reconfirm your booking for the rescheduled Event and you shall not be entitled to a refund.

13.5 If an Event was due to take place over several days and only part of the entire Event is cancelled, you may only be entitled to a partial refund, corresponding to the number of day(s) cancelled as a proportion of the overall Event.

13.6 If an outdoor Event is cancelled in whole or in part or finishes early due to adverse weather, no refund will be available unless specifically permitted under the Event Terms.

13.7 A "material" change is a change to an Event which in the reasonable opinion of AXS or the Ticket Supplier, makes the Event materially different to the Event which purchasers of the Ticket could reasonably expect. Changes to performance times, supporting acts and the use of understudies in a theatre performance will not be a material change. A material change is judged by reference to the nature and billing of each Event. Events which are festivals or themed events are judged by reference to the overall theme rather than the individual act scheduled to appear. This includes Events which have multiple artists and/or where the Event name does not include reference to any specific act. In these cases, no scheduled acts may be considered as headline acts, regardless of their relative fame or prominence in the billing, and changes to the line up of such Events shall not constitute a material change.

13.8 If we fail to fulfil your order in any of the following circumstances you will be entitled to a full refund including booking fee and delivery fee:

(a) we dispatch your Tickets to a different address from the delivery address you have provided when you placed your order; or

(b) we fail to dispatch your Tickets or make them available for collection at the Venue.

13.9 If you believe that you are entitled to a refund under these Terms, please contact us as soon as possible and no later than 30 days after the date on which cancellation or postponement of the Event is announced (or of any other occurrence which has given rise to your right of refund under these Terms). We require you to return your unused Tickets if we have dispatched them. We recommend using registered or special delivery post to return your Tickets. You are responsible for ensuring their return and we will not be obliged to refund any returned Tickets which we do not receive.

13.10 Tickets will not be refunded where they have been used to gain entry to the Event or where you elect to attend a rescheduled Event.

13.11 Refunds will only be made to the credit/debit card used to purchase the Ticket. No cash refunds are available.

13.12 If you have purchased a Ticket, you are not entitled to cancel your purchase. However, for certain Events, Tickets may be sold with an "add-on" (including, for example, where you are offered the option of purchasing merchandise, travel, car parking or other such additional items or rights (such purchases being "Add-on Purchases"). If you have made an Add-on Purchase you are entitled to cancel your Add-on Purchase within 14 days of the date of delivery (or during such longer period as may be specified in the Event Terms) unless the Add-on Purchase is for any:

(a) travel, catering, accommodation, transport or services relating to leisure activities to be provided on a specified date or during a specified period;

(b) goods that are personalised or made to your specifications;

(c) sealed audio or video recordings or computer software and such goods become unsealed after delivery;

(d) alcoholic beverages where: (i) the price has been agreed at the time of the conclusion of the contract; (ii) delivery can only take place after 30 days; and (iii) their value is dependent on fluctuations in the market which cannot be controlled by the relevant Ticket Supplier;

(e) items which are liable to rapid deterioration or expiry;

(f) goods which become mixed inseparably (according to their nature) with other items after delivery; and/or

(g) digital download that has been purchased at any time on or after the supply of the digital content has commenced (or in the 14 day period prior to commencement), in which case you will have agreed that the digital download will be provided to you before the expiry of the period during which you may cancel and will have acknowledged that your right to cancel will be lost.

For the avoidance of doubt, if you are entitled to cancel your Add-on Purchase in accordance with this section, you are not entitled to cancel your associated Ticket purchase. To cancel your Add-on Purchase, please contact us or use our model cancellation form

13.13 Notwithstanding any other provision of this clause 13 relating to Ticket refunds, under no circumstances shall we be obliged to offer or provide a refund in relation to booking refund insurance which may be promoted from time to time on our Website in accordance with clause 14 below. Any refund that you may be entitled to receive in connection with the purchase of booking refund insurance shall be the sole responsibility of TicketPlan Limited in accordance with the booking refund insurance terms and conditions."

13.14 These Terms do not affect your legal rights as a consumer.

14. Booking Refund Insurance

14.1 From time to time we may promote Booking Refund Insurance for sale on our Website. Booking Refund Insurance is sold by TicketPlan Limited and is designed to cover you if you are unable to attend a UK based event, booked through us, as a result of certain specific circumstances which are detailed within the policy document. Cover is subject to the policy terms and conditions.

14.2 We do not sell or underwrite this insurance. If you choose to purchase Booking Refund Insurance, you will be contracting directly with TicketPlan Limited and not with us. You must satisfy yourself that the cover provided by the Booking Refund Insurance is suitable to meet your requirements. TicketPlan Limited ("TicketPlan") and AXS Europe Limited ("AXS") are Appointed Representatives of Essex Financial Management Limited ("EFM"), EFM is Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (149177) AXS acts as agent for TicketPlan for the receipt of insurance premiums.

15. Admission To Events

15.1 Rules of admission to Events are determined by Ticket Suppliers and Venues, which may take health and safety, environmental and security concerns into account. Entry procedures may from time to time include security searches to ensure the safety of guests and if you do not consent to such searches, you may be denied entry to, or ejected from, the Event without refund or other compensation.

15.2 You will not be entitled to a refund if you or your guests are refused entry to or ejected from a Venue due to your late arrival, being under age or unable to provide proof of age (where age restrictions apply), or because you have breached the Event Terms (including, for example, declining to be searched, abusive, threatening, drunken or other antisocial behaviour (including smoking in no smoking areas), carrying offensive weapons or illegal substances, or making unauthorised audio, video or photographic recordings). Please check the Event Terms carefully.

15.3 Certain Events may be filmed or recorded without prior notice being given. By attending Events, you grant permission to the Ticket Supplier, Venue operator and others associated with the Event to use your image, likeness or sounds in any audio, video or photographic display or other transmission, exhibition, publication or reproduction of the Event (regardless of whether during or after performance) for any purpose, in any manner, in any medium now known or hereafter developed, and without further authorisation required from, or compensation payable to, you.

15.4 Certain Events may feature loud noise and special effects (including, for example, audio visual, pyrotechnic and lighting effects. Prolonged exposure to noise may damage your hearing.

16. Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability

THIS SECTION IS IMPORTANT AS IT SETS OUT THE LIMITS OF OUR LIABILITY TO YOU. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY.

16.1 AXS sells Tickets on behalf of Ticket Suppliers and has no responsibility for, and no liability in connection with, the Events to which the Tickets relate, or in connection with the content, quality, cancellation, postponement or any other aspect of any Event, other than as set out in these Terms.

16.2 If we breach our obligations to you under these Terms or we are negligent and, as a result, you suffer any loss or damage in connection with the purchase of Tickets via this site, you may be entitled to claim that loss or damage from us where such loss or damage is a reasonably foreseeable result of such breach or negligence, but:

(a) we will only be liable for your loss or damage up to an amount equal to the value paid by you for the relevant Tickets (together with all booking charges, delivery charges and other sums paid by you to us in respect of such Tickets); and

(b) we will not be liable to you for loss or expenses incurred in connection with the Event itself, or its cancellation, such as the cost of any personal travel, accommodation or hospitality arrangements made in connection with the Event or as a result of its cancellation.

16.3 We will not be liable for any loss, injury or damage to any person (including you) or property howsoever caused (including by us and/or by the Ticket Supplier):

(a) in any circumstances where there is no breach of a legal duty of care owed by us or the Ticket Supplier; or

(b) to the extent that any increase in any loss or damage results from breach by you of any of these Terms or the Event Terms or your negligence.

16.4 Nothing in this section excludes or limits our liability for: death or personal injury caused by our negligence or the negligence of the Ticket Supplier or our employees, agents or subcontractors; fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; or any other liability which cannot be legally excluded or limited.

16.5 For the purposes of these Venue Terms, "Force Majeure" means any cause beyond AEG's or the Organiser's control, including, without limitation, any act of God, war, insurrection, riot, civil disturbances, acts of terrorism, fire, explosion, flood, national mourning, theft of essential equipment, malicious damage, strike, lock out, weather, national defence requirements or acts or regulations of national or local governments. Neither we nor the Organiser will be liable to you under these Venue Terms to the extent that the failure is cause by a Force Majeure event.

17. General

17.1 To the fullest extent permissible in law, we shall be entitled to assign any and all of our rights and obligations under these Terms, provided that your rights are not adversely affected.

17.2 If any provision of these Terms is found to be invalid or unenforceable by a court, the invalid or unenforceable provision shall be severed or amended in such a manner as to render the rest of the provision(s) and remainder of these Terms valid and enforceable.

17.3 If we delay or fail to enforce any of these Event Terms it shall not mean that we have waived our right to do so.

17.4 All of these Terms are governed by English Law and any disputes arising out of these Terms or any transaction with AXS are subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English Courts.